Methods and compositions comprising crispr-cpf1 and paired guide crispr rnas for programmable genomic deletions

ABSTRACT

Described are methods comprises transducing a mammalian cell with one or more virus vectors. Each vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 (also known as Cas12a) protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof; and a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter. Each spacer encodes an RNA guide which hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a genomic region of interest. The method further comprises culturing the transduced cells, thereby providing a plurality of cultured cell cultures, each cell culture comprising said deletion. Additionally, described are compositions used in methods as well as libraries generated by the methods. Such compositions comprise libraries of transduced cell cultures, viral vectors, nucleic acid sequences, CRISPR RNA spacers, and RNA guides, as described herein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2018/048767, filed on Aug. 30, 2018, which claims the benefit of and priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/552,816, filed on Aug. 31, 2017, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant Nos. R00-HG008171 awarded by the National Institutes of Health/NHGRI. The government has certain rights in this invention.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED IN ELECTRONIC FORM

Applicant hereby incorporates by reference the Sequence Listing material filed in electronic form herewith. This file is labeled 114203-5837_SL.txt, dated Feb. 26, 2020 and is 79.2 kb in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Current methods for genomic deletions rely on the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated Cas9 nuclease (Canver, 2014; Zhu, 2016). Briefly, the conventional CRISPR approach is to introduce guide RNA (gRNAs) library via lentiviral infection to a population of cells. The guide RNA is a combination of the endogenous bacterial crRNA (CRISPR RNA) and tracrRNA (transactivating crRNA) into a single chimeric guide RNA (gRNA) transcript. The gRNA combines the targeting specificity of crRNA with the scaffolding properties of tracrRNA into a single transcript. When the gRNA and Cas9 are expressed in a cell, an assay is then run that queries the function or expression of a gene of interest. CRISPR/Cas9 mediates double-stranded breaks at sites specified by the gRNA in each cell, eventually resulting in an insertion or deletion (indel) via imperfect non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). However, existing technologies for making libraries of paired-cuts/deletions are difficult to package into lentivirus and require multiple cloning steps.

In order to make large libraries for functional genomic screens, these methods require two separate cloning steps: (1) introducing the Cas9 guide RNA(s); and (2) adding a separate promoter to drive the second Cas9 guide RNA.

Precise genomic deletions using Cas9 have been valuable for establishing in vivo disease models (Young, 2016) and performing high-throughput loss-of-function screens (Zhu, 2016; Diao, 2017). However, Cas9-driven deletions have several limitations, including difficultly in targeting AT-rich regions of the genome such as introns, potentially confounding off-target effects, low successful packaging rate into lentivirus, and multiple cloning steps.

CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cpf1 (also referred to as Cas12a), a class 2 CRISPR effector, is a single RNA-guided endonuclease lacking tracrRNA; and it utilizes a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) (Bernd Zetsche, 2015). Moreover, Cpf1 (Cas12a) cleaves DNA via a staggered DNA double-stranded break. Previous Cpf1 work has demonstrated use of multiple guides for knocking out multiple genes (Zetsche B, 2017).

Thus, efficient compositions and methods are needed for programmable genomic deletions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, a method comprises transducing a mammalian cell with one or more virus vectors. Each vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 protein (also known as Cas12a) and an optional selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell. Each vector also comprises a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes a guide RNA (i.e., guide). Each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell. The array is in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter. The method further comprises culturing the transduced cells. In the cultured cells, the Cpf1 creates a deletion comprising the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites located downstream of each PAM, thereby providing a plurality of transduced cell cultures, each cell culture comprising a deletion.

In another aspect, a library of mammalian cell cultures generated by the described method is provided, wherein each cell of the cell culture comprises at least one deletion in a contiguous DNA sequence of a chromosome or the genome.

In yet another aspect, a library of nucleic acid sequences is provided, comprising at least two CRISPR RNA (crRNAs) spacers, wherein each spacer encodes a guide RNA (i.e., guide, or guide CRISPR RNA). Each guide hybridizes to a unique protospacer sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell. The guide RNAs are capable of complexing with Cpf1 (Cas12a) protein and providing targeting specificity and binding ability for nuclease activity of Cpf1. Each of the spacers is adjacent to an optimized Direct Repeat at the 5′ end thereof.

In a further aspect, a library of virus vectors is provided, each vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 (Cas12a) protein and a selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell. Each vector also comprises a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes a guide RNA (i.e., guide). Each guide RNA hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, and the array is in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter.

Still other aspects and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1a to 1b illustrate deletion systems (Cas9, FIG. 1a , or Cpf1/Cas12a, FIG. 1b ) that create two double stranded breaks that lead to a targeted genomic deletion. FIG. 1a shows schematics of SpCas9-mediated deletion. Paired sgRNAs containing 20 bp guide sequences direct Cas9 to targeted sites, creating blunt ends which are joined via cellular repair mechanisms. In this study, designed pairs also included guides targeting the same strand (shown above) or targeting opposite DNA strands (not shown). FIG. 1b shows schematics of LbCpf1-mediated deletions. Cpf1 with paired guides (23 bp guide sequences) processed from a single crRNA introduces genomic deletions.

FIGS. 2a to 2g demonstrate that LbCpf1 can create genomic deletions using a single crRNA with comparable efficiency to SpCas9 and can also utilize shorter, processed direct repeats. FIG. 2a shows vector maps of CRISPR-Cas9 (upper map) and CRISPR-Cpf1 (lower map) single vector deletion systems. LTR, long terminal repeats; hU6 and mU6, human and mouse pol III promoter; sgRNA, single guide RNA; EFS, pol II promoter; P2A, porcine teschovirus-1 2A self-cleaving peptide; puro, puromycin resistance gene; WPRE, woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element; crRNA, CRISPR RNA. FIG. 2b shows schematic of genomic loci of targeted deletions. Pairs of Cas9-associated sgRNAs and Cpf1-associated crRNAs are designed to introduce about 500 bp deletions around the EMX1 gene. FIG. 2c is a representative PCR readout of Cas9- and Cpf1-mediated deletions (Cas9: pair b; Cpf1: pair d). Upper arrow in the gel image indicates the non-deletion band whereas lower arrow indicates genome repair of two ends after successful deletion. FIG. 2d shows quantification of deletion efficiency using primers that amplify inside the deleted region (mean±s.e.m, n=3 biological replicates). FIG. 2e shows Cpf1 deletion construct with full-length direct repeats or processed repeats. FIG. 2f shows deletion efficiency of Cpf1 with processed repeats (mean±s.e.m, n=3 biological replicates). FIG. 2g shows average deletion efficiency comparing Cpf1 full-length repeats and processed repeats (mean±s.e.m, n=3 different constructs with 3 biological replicates each).

FIGS. 3a to 3b illustrate cloning strategies for assembling Cas9 and Cpf1 deletion constructs. FIG. 3a shows that Cas9 deletion constructs require additional steps (PCR and BsmBI restriction digestion) to clone the pol II promoter (mouse U6) between the 2 sgRNA cassettes. See Example 1 for details. FIG. 3b shows that for Cpf1 deletion construct assembly, one-step annealing of top and bottom strand oligonucleotides creates a double-stranded template for ligation into the plasmid backbone.

FIG. 4 provides schematics of deletion construct delivery into HAP1 cells and readout of deletions via qPCR and allele sequencing. After transient transfection of near-haploid HAP1 cells, genomic DNA is extracted for qPCR quantification of deletion efficiency and for sequencing of individual alleles.

FIGS. 5a to 5b provide full gel electrophoresis images for all PCR genotyping (including those shown in FIG. 2d ) of 500 bp deletions constructs from Cas9 and Cpf1 deletion systems. For PCR genotyping, non-targeting guide pairs cloned in their corresponding backbones were used as controls. For each sample, different pairs of primers that anneal outside the deletion region were used to genotype all three biological replicates. FIG. 5a provides gel images of Cas9 500 bp deletions. FIG. 5b provides gels of Cpf1 500 bp deletions.

FIGS. 6a to 6b illustrate that assaying deletions with qPCR yields accurate quantification over ˜100-fold range and quantification error decreases with increasing number of sample dilutions. FIG. 6a provides assay sensitivity characterized by qPCR of wild-type gDNA 2-fold dilution series. In the given range (7.8 ng/ul to 500 ng/ul), threshold Ct values and the logarithms of the corresponding concentrations were confirmed to be linear (r² _(5 kb Inner Primer)=0.9916, r² _(Normalization Primer)=0.9982). Error bars are s.e.m of 3-4 technical replicates. FIG. 6b shows that increasing the number of dilutions per sample reduces the standard deviation among biological replicates. For each sample, 3 biological replicates were used and the plotted dot is the standard deviation of the percent deletion among the 3 biological replicates. Different dots for each dilution are from 3 distinct constructs (Cpf1 non-targeting pair, Cpf1 500 bp direct-repeat pair b and processed-repeat pair b). For 1 dilution, all samples were diluted to <100 ng/μl and used as is. For 2 dilutions, the initial (1 dilution) template and a 2-fold dilution were used for each sample. For 3 and 4 dilutions, additional 2-fold dilutions were added for each sample. When using 2 or more dilutions, the median Ct value was calculated from dilution replicates. All serial dilutions were in the range of gDNA concentrations shown to be linear in FIG. 6 a.

FIGS. 7a to 7d show that four guides delivered with Cpf1 result in additional genome repair outcomes with a similar overall deletion rate as two guides. FIG. 7a provides a schematic of genomic loci of targeted deletions. FIG. 7b provides predicted genotype of 2-guide deletion construct and 4-guide deletion construct. FIG. 7c provides PCR genotyping of multi-guide deletion with outer primers shown FIG. 7a . FIG. 7d provides percent deletion assessed by qPCR.

FIGS. 8a to 8f show that LbCpf1-induced deletions have distinct end-joining outcomes compared to SpCas9-induced deletions and can be delivered efficiently via lentivirus. FIG. 8a provides deletion efficiency of Cpf1 guide pairs where both guides have 30-70% GC content and where both guides have a GC content outside of that range (p=0.03, Mann-Whitney Utest; mean±s.e.m, n=3 biological replicates). FIG. 8b provides quantification of deletion efficiency using primers that amplify inside the deleted region for 5 kb deletions compared to either Cas9 or Cpf1 non-targeting guide pairs (mean±s.e.m, n=3 biological replicates, Cas9, pairs f, g, and h; Cpf1, pairs i, j and k). FIG. 8c provides distribution of deletion sizes using Cas9 and Cpf1 paired guides (Cas9: pair f; Cpf1: pair 1). FIGS. 8d and 8e provide frequency of bases remaining at the junction surrounding the predicted deletion site (n=44 clones for Cas9, FIG. 8 d; 39 clones for Cpf1, FIG. 8e ) (Cas9: pair f; Cpf1: pair 1). FIG. 8f provides deletion efficiency at about 3 weeks after lentiviral transduction compared to a control (tdTomato-expressing) lentivirus (mean±s.e.m, n=3 biological replicates) (Cas9: pair f; Cpf1: pair 1).

FIG. 9 provides a schematic diagram of 5 kb deletion at the EMX1 locus. Pairs of Cas9-associated sgRNAs and Cpf1-associated crRNAs are designed to introduce ˜5 kb deletions around the EMX1 gene. The same inner primers are used for all constructs for qPCR quantification of deletion efficiency. Outer primers for PCR genotyping flanking selective guide pairs are also indicated.

FIG. 10 provides representative gel electrophoresis image of 5 kb deletion. PCR genotyping of Cas9 5 kb pair a and Cpf1 5 kb pair d. Controls were transfecting with Cas9 or Cpf1 with non-targeting guide pairs. Marker lane contains the 1 kb+ladder.

FIGS. 11a to 11b provide analysis result of greater sequence heterogeneity in deletion junctions with Cpf1 than with Cas9. Genomic DNA was harvested 5-6 days after transient transfection of the respective constructs into HAP1 cells. Sanger sequencing reads from individual alleles cloned into pUC19. FIG. 11a provides allele sequencing from Cpf1-induced deletions. FIG. 11b provides allele sequencing from Cas9-induced deletions.

FIG. 12 provides a comparison of viral titer with Cas9 deletion lentivirus and Cpf1 deletion lentivirus. Normalized percent survival in HAP1 cells after transduction with 200 μl lentiviral supernatant. Percent survival was measured by comparing cell counts in media containing puromycin after 2 days of selection to cell counts in puromycin-free media. Cas9 5 kb pair g and Cpf1 5 kb pair 1 were used in the titer comparison.

FIG. 13 provides a lentiviral experimental workflow for Cas9 and Cpf1 5 kb deletions. HEK293FT cells were transduced with lentivirus at Day 0 and, after 24 hours, 1 μg/ml puromycin was added to the media. After 3 weeks, genomic DNA was extracted and deletion efficiency was quantified via qPCR.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The novel compositions (e.g., library of mammalian cell cultures, library of nucleic acid sequences, library of vectors) and in vitro methods of using these compositions or generating these compositions, as described herein, provide efficient systems to engineer genomic deletions via Cpf1 (also known as Cas12a) and paired guide CRISPR RNAs.

In one embodiment, various additional assays, such as expression of a gene of interests and/or a functional analysis of the gene products, are combined with the described compositions and methods for multiple purposes. Some of these purposes include, but are not limited to, interrogating genomic regions in order to allow the identification of relevant functional units for gene expression, gene regulation, drug resistance, cell growth and/or reproduction, and responses to biological agents, chemical agents or physical stress.

The compositions and methods provided herein are useful for interrogating a continuous genomic region. Such a continuous genomic region may comprise small portions, i.e., genomic sequences of about 50 kb, up to the entire chromosome or the entire genome. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods are useful in interrogating a functional element of the genome. A functional element typically encompasses a limited region of the genome, such as a region of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 to 100 kb of genomic DNA. In one embodiment, the methods described herein are used for the interrogation of non-coding genomic regions, such as regions 5′ and 3′ of the coding region of a gene of interest. The methods allow the identification of targets in the 5′ and 3′ region of a gene which may affect a phenotypic change only under particular circumstances or only for particular cells or tissues in an organism.

In certain embodiments, the genomic region of interest comprises a transcription factor binding site, a region of DNase I hypersensitivity, a transcription enhancer or repressor element, a chromosome, or other intergenic region containing sequence with biochemical activity. In other embodiments, the genomic region of interest comprises an epigenetic signature for a particular disease or disorder. Additionally, or alternatively, the genomic region of interest may comprise an epigenetic insulator. In other embodiments, a genomic region of interest comprises two or more continuous genomic regions that physically interact. In still other embodiments, the genomic region of interest comprises one or more sites susceptible to one or more of histone acetylation, histone methylation, histone ubiquitination, histone phosphorylation, DNA methylation, or a lack thereof.

Examples of genomic regions of interest for interrogation using the methods and compositions described herein include regions comprising, or located 5′ or 3′ of, a gene associated with a signaling biochemical pathway, e.g., a signaling biochemical pathway associated gene or polynucleotide. Examples of genomic regions include regions comprising, or located 5′ or 3′ of, a disease associated gene or polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the region located 5′ or 3′ of a gene refers to a genomic region of a genome or a chromosome from a first nucleotide of the genome or chromosome to a second nucleotide of the genome or chromosome. The second nucleotide is located between the first nucleotide and the gene in the genome or chromosome. The first nucleotide is about 100 bp, about 200 bp, about 300 bp, about 400 bp, about bp, about 600 bp, about 700 bp, about 800 bp, about 900 bp, about 1 kb, about 2 kb, about 3 kb, about 4 kb, about 5 kb, about 6 kb, about 7 kb, about 8 kb, about 9 kb, about 10 kb, about 15 kb, about 20 kb, about 30 kb, about 40 kb, about 50 kb, about 60 kb, about 70 kb, about 80 kb, about 90 kb, about 100 kb, about 150 kb, about 200 kb, about 250 kb, about 300 kb, about 350 kb, about 400 kb, about 450 kb, about 500 kb, about 550 kb, about 600 kb, about 650 kb, about 700 kb, about 750 kb, about 800 kb, about 850 kb, about 900 kb, about 950 kb, or about 1 mb, 5′ or 3′ to the gene. A “disease-associated” gene or polynucleotide refers to any gene or polynucleotide which yields transcription or translation products at an abnormal level or in an abnormal form in cells derived from a disease-affected tissue compared with tissues or cells of a non-disease control. Another embodiment of a disease-associated gene is a gene that becomes expressed at an abnormally high level; it may be a gene that becomes expressed at an abnormally low level. The altered expression correlates with the occurrence and/or progression of the disease. The transcribed or translated products may be known or unknown, and may be expressed at a normal or abnormal level. Sites of DNA hypersensitivity, transcription factor binding sites, and epigenetic markers of a gene of interest can be determined by accessing publicly available data bases.

The compositions and methods provided herein are useful for interrogating a genomic region of interest as described above. It will also be readily obvious to one of skill in the art that the term “a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell” in the compositions and methods of this invention can be used interchangeably with a genomic region of interest as described above.

I. Components and Definitions

In the descriptions of the compositions and methods discussed herein, the various components can be defined by use of technical and scientific terms having the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs and by reference to published texts. Such texts provide one skilled in the art with a general guide to many of the terms used in the present application. The definitions contained in this specification are provided for clarity in describing the components and compositions herein and are not intended to limit the claimed invention.

A. Cpf1/Cas12a

The Cpf1 protein, which is also known as Cas12a, is a class 2 CRISPR effector guided by a single RNA (RNA guide) that utilizes a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), cleaves DNA, and results in a staggered double-stranded break. See, Zetsche B, 2017; Bernd Zetsche, 2015; U.S. Pat. No. 9,650,617B2; and EP3009511B1. Each reference is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The term “cleavage site” refers to a site that can be cleaved by a Cpf1 protein after binding to a target sequence. For example, the staggered cleavage site of FnCpf1 is distant from the PAM: cleavage occurs after the 18^(th) base on the non-targeted (+) strand and after the 23^(rd) base on the targeted (−) strand. See, e.g., (Zetsche B. G., 2015). In one embodiment, the cleavage site may be predicted by one of skill in the art. Throughout the Specification, one of skill in the art would appreciate that the use of the terms “Cpf1” or “Cas12a” are interchangeable and refer to the same protein. That protein includes e.g., a wild type or naturally occurring Cpf1 or “Cas12a” protein, an ortholog of a Cpf1 or “Cas12a” protein, or a functional variant thereof, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 or “Cas12a” protein, or a functional variant of the nucleic acid sequence, or both the aforementioned Cpf1 or “Cas12a” proteins or nucleic acid sequences. Mutations in the naturally occurring “Cpf1” or “Cas12a” proteins are also encompassed by these interchangeable terms.

Orthologs are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation. Normally, orthologs retain the same function in the course of evolution. In some embodiments, the Cpf1 is selected from an Acidaminococcus sp Cpf1 (AsCpf1), Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cpf1 ND2006 (LbCpf1), Lachnospiraceae bacterium MA2020 Cpf1 (Lb2Cpf1), Lachnospiraceae bacterium MC2017 Cpf1 (Lb3 Cpf1), Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus Cpf1 (BpCpf1), Peregrinibacteria bacterium Cpf1 (PeCpf1), Francisella tularensis subsp. Novicida Cpf1 (FnCpf1), Parcubacteria bacterium Cpf1 (PbCpf1), Moraxella bovoculi Cpf1 (MbCpf1), Leptospira inadai Cpf1 (LiCpf1), Porphyromonas macacae Cpf1 (PmCpf1), Porphyromonas crevioricanis Cpf1 (PcCpf1), Prevotella disiens Cpf1 (PdCpf1), Smithella sp. Cpf1 (SsCpf1), Candidatus methanoplasma termitum Cpf1 (CMtCpf1), and/or Eubacterium eligens Cpf1 (EeCpf1). The amino acid sequences of the Cpf1 orthologs are readily known by one of skill in the art. See, e.g., (Zetsche B. G., 2015; Zetsche, et al., 2017), www.addgene.org and www.uniprot.org/uniprot/.

In one embodiment, the Cpf1 is an Acidaminococcus sp Cpf1 (i.e., AsCpf1) having an amino acid sequence with a UniProtKB identification of U2UMQ6 (CPF1_ACISB), which is also reproduced as SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the Cpf1 is an Francisella tularensis subsp. Novicida Cpf1 (i.e., FnCpf1) having an amino acid sequence with a UniProtKB identification of AOQ7Q2 (CPF1_FRATN), which is also reproduced as SEQ ID NO: 2. In yet another embodiment, the Cpf1 is a Leptospira inadai serovar Lyme Cpf1 having an amino acid sequence with a UniProtKB identification of V6HCU8 (V6HCU8_9LEPT), which is also reproduced as SEQ ID NO: 3. In one embodiment, the Cpf1 is an Lachnospiraceae bacterium Cpf1 (i.e., LbCpf1) having an amino acid sequence with a UniProtKB identification of AOA182DWE3 (AOA182DWE3_9FIRM), which is also reproduced as SEQ ID NO: 4. In another embodiment, the Cpf1 is an Butyrivibrio hungatei Cpf1 having an amino acid sequence with a UniProtKB identification of AOA1D9P5I8 (AOA1D9P5I8_9FIRM), which is also reproduced as SEQ ID NO: 5.

A functional variant of the Cpf1 protein is a protein or a polypeptide which shares the same biological function with Cpf1. A functional variant of the Cpf1 protein might be a Cpf1 protein with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 200, about 220, about 240, about 260, about 280, about 300, about 330, about 360, about 390 or more conserved amino acid substitution(s).

Identifying an amino acid for a possible conserved substitution, determining a substituted amino acid, as well as the methods and techniques involved in incorporating the amino acid substation into a Cpf1 protein are well-known to one of skill in the art. See, sift.jcvi.org/ and (Ng & Henikoff, Predicting the Effects of Amino Acid Substitutions on Protein Function, 2006; Ng & Henikoff, Predicting the effects of coding non-synonymous variants on protein function using the SIFT algorithm, 2009; Ng PC, 2003; Ng & Henikoff, Accounting for Human Polymorphisms Predicted to Affect Protein Function, 2002; Sim, et al., 2012; Sim, et al., 2012), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the Cpf1 protein is a Cpf1 protein mutated to increase or decrease guided indel formation, or to increase or decrease the activity of dsDNA cleavage. In one embodiment, one or more of the following exemplified amino acids is or are mutated in a Cpf1 protein: T167, R176, R192, W382, K548, M604, K607, K780, G783, D908, R951, R955, W958, E993, R1226, S1228, D1235, D1263 (the numbering of which is based on AsCpf1, SEQ ID NO: 1); or D917, E1006, or D1255 (the numbering of which is based on FnCpf1, SEQ ID NO: 2). In one embodiment, the amino acid(s) is/are mutated to an A (Ala) or a P (Pro). In a further embodiment, modifications of a Cpf1 protein include but are not limited to: T167A, R176A, R192A, W382A, K548A, M604A, K607A, K780A, G783P, D908P, R951A, R955A, W958A, E993P, R1226A, S1228A, D1235A, D1263A (the numbering of which is based on AsCpf1, SEQ ID NO: 1); or D917A, E1006A, or D1255A (the numbering of which is based on FnCpf1, SEQ ID NO: 2); or any combination thereof. See, (Bernd Zetsche, 2015; Yamano, et al., 2016). Furthermore, one of skill in the art would readily recognize that the amino acid mutation(s) mentioned above might be incorporated at a corresponding amino acid of any Cpf1 protein as described herein, wherein the corresponding amino acid is determined by an alignment of amino acid sequences of the Cpf1 protein with AsCpf1 or FnCpf1.

A variety of algorithms and/or computer programs are well known in the art or commercially available for alignment of multiple amino acid sequences (e.g., BLAST, ExPASy; FASTA; using, e.g., Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, Smith-Waterman algorithm). Alignments are performed using any of a variety of publicly or commercially available Multiple Sequence Alignment Programs. Sequence alignment programs are available for amino acid sequences, e.g., the “Clustal Omega”, “Clustal X”, “MAP”, “PIMA”, “MSA”, “BLOCKMAKER”, “MEME”, and “Match-Box” programs. Generally, any of these programs are used at default settings, although one of skill in the art can alter these settings as needed. Alternatively, one of skill in the art can utilize another algorithm or computer program which provides at least the level of identity or alignment as that provided by the referenced algorithms and programs. See, e.g., J. D. Thomson et al, Nucl. Acids. Res., “A comprehensive comparison of multiple sequence alignments”, 27(13):2682-2690 (1999).

A functional variant of the nucleic acid sequence encoding an Cpf1 protein is a nucleic acid sequence that can be directly translated, using the standard genetic code, to provide an amino acid sequence identical to that translated from the parental nucleic acid molecules.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding Cpf1 may be codon-optimized for expression in eukaryotic cell, such as mammalian cells. Methods of codon-optimization are known and have been described previously (e.g. WO 96/09378). A sequence is considered codon-optimized if at least one non-preferred codon as compared to a wild type sequence is replaced by a codon that is more preferred. Herein, a non-preferred codon is a codon that is used less frequently in an organism than another codon coding for the same amino acid, and a codon that is more preferred is a codon that is used more frequently in a target cell than a non-preferred codon. The frequency of codon usage for a specific organism can be found in codon frequency tables, such as in www. kazusa.jp/codon. Preferably more than one non-preferred codon, preferably most or all non-preferred codons, are replaced by codons that are more preferred. Preferably the most frequently used codons in an organism are used in a codon-optimized sequence. Replacement by preferred codons generally leads to higher expression. It will also be understood by a skilled person that numerous different nucleic acid molecules can encode the same polypeptide as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code.

It is also understood that skilled persons may, using routine techniques, make nucleotide substitutions that do not affect the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleic acid molecules to reflect the codon usage of any particular host organism in which the polypeptides are to be expressed. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, a “nucleic acid sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleic acid sequences can be cloned using routine molecular biology techniques, or generated de novo by DNA synthesis, which can be performed using routine procedures by service companies having business in the field of DNA synthesis and/or molecular cloning (e.g. GeneArt™, GenScript®, Life Technologies™, Eurofins).

In one embodiment, the Cpf1 coding sequence is operably linked to a regulatory element to ensure expression in a target cell. In a further embodiment, the promoter is an inducible promoter, such as a doxycycline inducible promoter. In a preferred embodiment, the regulatory element(s) comprises an RNA pol II promoter. A RNA pol II promoter is a promoter that is sufficient to direct accurate initiation of transcription by the RNA polymerase II machinery, wherein the RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a RNA polymerase found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, catalyzing the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA.

A variety of Polymerase II promoters that can be used within the compositions and methods described herein are publicly or commercially available to a skilled artisan, for example, viral promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses including promoters from polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2 or 5), herpes simplex virus (thymidine kinase promoter), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), a retrovirus (e.g., MoMLV, or RSV LTR), Hepatitis-B virus, Myeloproliferative sarcoma virus promoter (MPSV), VISNA, and Simian Virus 40 (SV40); other heterologous mammalian promoters including the actin promoter, (3-actin promoter, immunoglobulin promoter, heat-shock protein promoters, human Ubiquitin-C promoter, PGK promoter. Additional promoters are readily known and available. See, e.g., (Kadonaga, 2012), WO 2014/15134, and WO 2016/054153. In one particular embodiment, the promoter is a CMV promoter.

Optionally, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 protein further comprises a reporter gene or a nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker, which may include sequences encoding geneticin, hygromicin, ampicillin or purimycin resistance, among others. As used herein, the term “selectable marker” refers to a peptide or polypeptide whose presence can be readily detected in a target cell when a selective pressure is applied to the cell. A reporter gene, which is used as an indication of whether the Cfp1 coding sequence has been incorporated into and/or expressed as a functional protein in the target cell or not, is readily known by one of skill in the art. For example, the E. coli lacZ gene, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, or a gene encoding a fluorescent protein such as Green fluorescent protein (GFP).

B. CRISPR-Cpf1 System

As used herein a “target sequence” refers to a nucleic acid sequence in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian, or a nucleic acid sequence in the genomic region of interest as described, to which a guide sequence is designed to target, e.g. have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a guide sequence promotes the formation of a CRISPR-Cpf1 complex.

As used herein, the term “protospacer” refers to the nucleic acid sequence consisting of the target sequence and the adjacent protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) thereof. By “PAM” as used herein is meant a PAM specific for Cpf1 (Cas12a).

In one embodiment of the compositions and methods described herein, a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) or PAM-like motif directs binding of the CRISPR-Cpf1 complex to the target locus of interest. In one embodiment of the invention, the PAM is 5′-TTN-3′, where N is A/C/G or T. In a further embodiment, the PAM is 5′-TTN-3′, where N is A/C/G or T and the Cpf1 protein is FnCpf1. In another embodiment of the invention, the PAM is 5′-TTTN-3′, where N is A/C/G or T. In a further embodiment, the PAM is 5′-TTTN-3′, where N is A/C/G or T and the Cpf1 is LbCpf1. In yet another embodiment, the PAM is 5′-TTTV-3′, where V is A/C or G, In a further embodiment, the PAM is 5′-TTTV-3′, where V is A/C or G and the Cpf1 is PaCpf1. In yet a further embodiment, the PAM is 5′-TTTV-3′, where V is A/C or G and the Cpf1 is LbCpf1. Additionally, the PAM is located upstream of the 5′ end of the protospacer. Other PAMs are readily known by one of the skill in the art. See, e.g., (Zetsche, et al., 2017), which is incorporated herein by reference. In an embodiment, a targeting range is provided for RNA guided genome editing nucleases wherein the T-rich PAMs of the Cpf1 family allow for targeting and editing of AT-rich genomes. The terms “T-rich” and “AT-rich” are used herein interchangeably, which means the AT ratio over the nucleic acids of a sequence is at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%.

The terms “guide RNA” “guide” or “guide sequence” refer to a nucleic acid sequence which can hybridize to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell. The guide is capable of complexing with Cpf1 protein and providing targeting specificity and binding ability for nuclease activity of Cpf1. In one embodiment, the guide RNA is about 18 nucleotides (nt) to about 35 nt. In one embodiment, the guide RNA is about 23 nt. The terms “CRISPR RNA spacer” and “spacer” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a guide RNA. In one embodiment, the spacer is about 18nt to about 35 nt. In one embodiment, the spacer is about 23 nt. Exemplified spacers and guides can be found in the Examples. The term “unique sequence” as used herein means a nucleic acid sequence which is different from any other nucleic acid sequence in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell or in a genomic region of interest.

A CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprises at least two spacers. In one embodiment, the crRNA array comprises two to ten spacers. In one embodiment, the crRNA array comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 spacers. In one embodiment, the crRNA array further comprises a direct repeat sequence (i.e., repeats, or direct repeats) which separates each spacer in the crRNA array. The direct repeat sequence is a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a nucleic acid sequence preceding the RNA guide, wherein the encoded nucleic acid sequence is capable of complexing with Cpf1 protein and directing Cpf1 protein to complex with the RNA guide. In one embodiment, the direct repeat comprises one or more stem loops or secondary structures. In one embodiment, the direct repeat has a length of at least about 16 nucleotides (nt). In another embodiment, the direct repeat has a single stem loop. In one embodiment, the direct repeat is a nucleic acid sequence of 5′-GTTTCAAAGATTAAATAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT-3′, SEQ ID NO: 6. In another embodiment, the direct repeat is an engineered optimized repeat comprising a nucleic acid sequence of 5′-TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT-3′, SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, the direct repeat is an engineered optimized repeat consisting of a nucleic acid sequence of 5′-TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT-3′, SEQ ID NO: 7. An engineered optimized repeat (also referred to as a processed repeat) refers to non-naturally-occurring or deliberately designed nucleic acid sequence which encodes a nucleic acid sequence preceding the RNA guide, wherein the encoded nucleic acid sequence is capable of complexing with Cpf1 protein and directing Cpf1 protein to complex with the RNA guide. In one embodiment, the optimized direct repeat is a naturally occurring direct repeat that has been manipulated, e.g., truncated. In one embodiment, optimized direct repeats such as SEQ ID NO: 7 that are shorter than the naturally occurring direct repeat (SEQ ID NO: 6) demonstrate a similar function and efficiency. One of skill in the art would appreciate that multiple repeats in a crRNA array comprising more than 2 spacers share a same sequence or comprise different sequences as disclosed herein and as known publicly.

In one embodiment, the Cpf1 cleavage sites for any two crRNA spacers or guides are spaced apart in contiguous sequence of the genome or chromosome by about 100 bp (base pairs) to about 1 mb (mega base pairs), for example about 100 bp, about 200 bp, about 300 bp, about 400 bp, about 500 bp, about 600 bp, about 700 bp, about 800 bp, about 900 bp, about 1 kb (kilo base pairs), about 2 kb, about 3 kb, about 4 kb, about 5 kb, about 6 kb, about 7 kb, about 8 kb, about 9 kb, about 10 kb, about 15 kb, about 20 kb, about 30 kb, about 40 kb, about 50 kb, about 60 kb, about 70 kb, about 80 kb, about 90 kb, about 100 kb, about 150 kb, about 200 kb, about 250 kb, about 300 kb, about 350 kb, about 400 kb, about 450 kb, about 500 kb, about 550 kb, about 600 kb, about 650 kb, about 700 kb, about 750 kb, about 800 kb, about 850 kb, about 900 kb, about 950 kb, or about 1 mb. In a further embodiment, the Cpf1 cleavage sites for any two crRNA spacers or guides are spaced apart in contiguous sequence of the genome or chromosome by about 100 bp to about 10 kb.

In one embodiment, two target sequences or protospacers are spaced apart in contiguous sequence of the genome or chromosome by about 100 bp to about 1 mb, for example about 100 bp, about 200 bp, about 300 bp, about 400 bp, about 500 bp, about 600 bp, about 700 bp, about 800 bp, about 900 bp, about 1 kb, about 1.5 kb, about 2 kb, about 2.5 kb, about 3 kb, about 3.5 kb, about 4 kb, about 4.5 kb, about 5 kb, about 5.5 kb, about 6 kb, about 6.5 kb, about 7 kb, about 7.5 kb, about 8 kb, about 8.5 kb, about 9 kb, about 9.5 kb, about 10 kb, about 15 kb, about 20 kb, about 30 kb, about 40 kb, about 50 kb, about 60 kb, about 70 kb, about 80 kb, about 90 kb, about 100 kb, about 150 kb, about 200 kb, about 250 kb, about 300 kb, about 350 kb, about 400 kb, about 450 kb, about 500 kb, about 550 kb, about 600 kb, about 650 kb, about 700 kb, about 750 kb, about 800 kb, about 850 kb, about 900 kb, about 950 kb, or about 1 mb. In a further embodiment, two target sequences or protospacers are spaced apart in contiguous sequence of the genome or chromosome by about 100 bp to about 10 kb.

In one embodiment, the crRNA array is in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter. A RNA pol III promoter is a promoter that is sufficient to direct accurate initiation of transcription by the RNA polymerase III machinery, wherein the RNA polymerase III (RNAP III and Pol III) is a RNA polymerase transcribing DNA to synthesize ribosomal 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), crRNA, and other small RNAs. A variety of Polymerase III promoters which can be used are publicly or commercially available, for example the U6 promoter, the promoter fragments derived from H1 RNA genes or U6 snRNA genes of human or mouse origin or from any other species. In addition, pol III promoters can be modified/engineered to incorporate other desirable properties such as the ability to be induced by small chemical molecules, either ubiquitously or in a tissue-specific manner. For example, in one embodiment the promoter may be activated by tetracycline. In another embodiment, the promoter may be activated by IPTG (lacI system). See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,902,880A and 7,195,916B2. In another embodiment, a Pol III promoter from various species might be utilized, such as human, mouse or rat.

In a preferred embodiment, the GC ratio over the nucleic acids of the spacer is about 30% to about 70%. In one embodiment, the GC ratio over all nucleic acids of the spacer is about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, or about 70%. The GC ratio of an RNA guide or a target sequence is about 30% to about 70%, for example about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, or about 70%.

C. Vectors

A “vector” as used herein is a biological or chemical moiety comprising a nucleic acid sequence which can be introduced into an appropriate host cell for replication or expression of the nucleic acid sequence. Common vectors include naked DNA, phage, transposon, plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids (Phillip McClean, www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/˜mcclean/plsc731/cloning/cloning4.htm) and artificial chromosomes (Gong, Shiaoching, et al. “A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes.” Nature 425.6961 (2003): 917-925). One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional nucleic acid segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional nucleic acid segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked.

A “viral vector” refers to a synthetic or artificial viral particle in which an expression cassette containing a nucleic acid sequence of interest is packaged in a viral capsid or envelope. Examples of viral vector include but are not limited to adenoviruses (Ads), retroviruses (γ-retroviruses and lentiviruses), poxviruses, adeno-associated viruses (AAV), baculoviruses, herpes simplex viruses. In one embodiment, the viral vector is replication defective. A “replication-defective virus” refers to a viral vector, wherein any viral genomic sequences also packaged within the viral capsid or envelope are replication-deficient; i.e., they cannot generate progeny virions but retain the ability to infect target cells.

D. Other Components/Definitions.

A “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid sequence”, as described herein, can be RNA, DNA, or a modification thereof, and can be single or double stranded, and can be selected, for example, from a group including: nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest, oligonucleotides, nucleic acid analogues, for example peptide-nucleic acid (PNA), pseudocomplementary PNA (pc-PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA) etc. Such nucleic acid sequences include, for example, but are not limited to, nucleic acid sequence encoding proteins, for example that act as transcriptional repressors, antisense molecules, ribozymes, small inhibitory nucleic acid sequences, for example but are not limited to RNA interference (RNAi), short hairpin RNAi (shRNAi), small interfering RNA (siRNA), micro RNAi (mRNAi), antisense oligonucleotides etc.

As used herein, “operably linked” sequences or sequences “in operative association” include both expression control sequences that are contiguous with the nucleic acid sequence of interest and expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the nucleic acid sequence of interest.

The term “regulatory element” or “regulatory sequence” refers to expression control sequences which are contiguous with the nucleic acid sequence of interest and expression control sequences that act in trans or at a distance to control the nucleic acid sequence of interest. As described herein, regulatory elements comprise but not limited to: promoter; enhancer; transcription factor; transcription terminator; efficient RNA processing signals such as splicing and polyadenylation signals (polyA); sequences that stabilize cytoplasmic mRNA, for example Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHP) Posttranscriptional Regulatory Element (WPRE); sequences that enhance translation efficiency (i.e., Kozak consensus sequence); sequences that enhance protein stability; and when desired, sequences that enhance secretion of the encoded product. Also, see Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those which direct constitutive expression of a nucleic acid sequence in many types of target cell and those which direct expression of the nucleic acid sequence only in certain target cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). Furthermore, the Cpf1 can be delivered by way of a vector comprising a regulatory sequence to direct synthesis of the Cpf1 at specific intervals, or over a specific time period. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the target cell, the level of expression desired, and the like.

The terms “target cell” and “host cell”, which are used herein interchangeably, may refer to any target cell to which introduction of the nucleic acid sequence or vector of interest is desired. Thus, a “target cell,” refers to a cell that contains the nucleic acid sequence of interest that has been introduced into the cell by any means, e.g., electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, microinjection, transformation, viral infection, transfection, liposome delivery, membrane fusion techniques, high velocity DNA-coated pellets, viral infection and protoplast fusion. In certain embodiments herein, the term “target cell” refers to cultures of cells of various mammalian species. In one embodiment, the target cell is a mammalian cell. In a further embodiment, the target cell might be a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell, an embryonic stem cell, a cancer cell, a neuronal cell, an epithelial cell, an immune cell, an endocrine cell, a muscle cell, an erythrocyte, or a lymphocyte.

The term “mammal” or grammatical variations thereof, are intended to encompass a singular “mammal” and plural “mammals,” and includes, but is not limited to humans; primates such as apes, monkeys, orangutans, and chimpanzees; canids such as dogs and wolves; felids such as cats, lions, and tigers; equids such as horses, donkeys, and zebras; food animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep; ungulates such as deer and giraffes; rodents such as mice, rats, hamsters and guinea pigs; and bears. In some preferred embodiments, a mammal is a human.

As used herein, the term “mammalian subject” or “subject” includes any mammal in need of these methods, including particularly humans. Other mammals include dogs, cats, or other domesticated animals, horses, livestock, laboratory animals, including non-human primates, etc. The subject may be male or female.

As used herein, the terms “therapy”, “treatment” and any grammatical variations thereof shall mean any of prevention, delay of outbreak, reducing the severity of the disease symptoms, and/or removing the disease symptoms (to cure) in a subject in need.

By the terms “increase” “decrease” “inhibit” “change” or a grammatical variation thereof, refer to a variability of at least about 10% from the reference given, unless otherwise specified. By the terms “low” “high” or a grammatical variation thereof, refer to a variability of at least about 10%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, from the reference given, unless otherwise specified.

The terms “a” or “an” refers to one or more. For example, “a vector” is understood to represent one or more such vectors. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein.

As used herein, the term “about” or “˜” means a variability of plus or minus 10% from the reference given, unless otherwise specified.

The words “comprise”, “comprises”, and “comprising” are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively, i.e., to include other unspecified components or process steps.

The words “consist”, “consisting”, and its variants, are to be interpreted exclusively, rather than inclusively, i.e., to exclude components or steps not specifically recited.

As used herein, the phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a described composition or method to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the described or claimed method or composition. Wherever in this specification, a method or composition is described as “comprising” certain steps or features, it is also meant to encompass the same method or composition consisting essentially of those steps or features and consisting of those steps or features.

With regard to the descriptions below, it is intended that each of the compositions herein described, is useful, in another embodiment, in the methods of the invention. In addition, it is also intended that each of the compositions herein described as useful in the methods, is, in another embodiment, itself an embodiment of the invention.

II. Compositions

In one aspect, a vector is provided comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 or Cas12a protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell; and (ii) a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes a RNA guide, wherein each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell. The array is in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter. In one embodiment, the vector is a non-viral vector. In a further embodiment, the vector is a plasmid. In one embodiment, the vector is a viral vector. In a further embodiment, the vector is a retroviral vector. In yet a further embodiment, the vector is a lentiviral vector. In another embodiment, provided is a library of the vectors described herein.

In another aspect, a cell culture is provided comprising at least one deletion, wherein the deletion generated by the Cpf1 or Cas12a protein in the cell culture or a progenitor cell, comprises the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites located downstream of each the PAM of each crRNA spacer. In one embodiment, a library of mammalian cell cultures is provided, wherein each cell of the cell culture comprises at least one deletion in a contiguous DNA of a chromosome or the genome. The library is generated by the methods described herein. In one embodiment, the cell is a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, an embryonic stem cell, or a cancer cell.

In another embodiment, provided is a library of nucleic acid sequences, comprising at least two CRISPR RNA (crRNAs) spacers, wherein each spacer encodes a RNA guide (i.e., guide, guide RNA). Each RNA guide hybridizes to a unique target sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell. The RNA guides are capable of complexing with Cpf1 protein and providing targeting specificity and binding ability for nuclease activity of Cpf1. Each of the spacers is adjacent to a Direct Repeat at the 5′ end thereof. In one embodiment, the direct repeats (i.e., repeats) are the optimized Direct Repeats (which are also noted as “processed repeats”) comprise a nucleic acid sequence of 5′-TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT-3′, SEQ ID NO: 7. In one embodiment, the GC ratio over the nucleic acids of the spacer is about 30% to about 70%. In some embodiments, the crRNA guide targets every Cpf1-specific protospacer in a contiguous region of genome or chromosome of a cell. In one embodiment, the crRNA guide targets at least about 100, about 1000, about 10,000, about 100,000, about 1,000,000 or more sequences in a genome or chromosome of the cell or in a genomic region of interest.

In yet another embodiment, provided herein is a library of vectors, wherein each vector comprises two or more spacers as described herein. In one embodiment, the vector is a non-viral vector. In other embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. In a further embodiment, the vector is a retroviral vector. In yet another embodiment, the vector is a lentiviral vector.

In another embodiment, a library comprises vectors, wherein each vector comprises: (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with regulatory sequences which controls expression thereof; and (b) two or more spacers from any of the nucleic acid sequence libraries as described herein. In one embodiment, each of the spacers is adjacent to a Direct Repeat at the 5′ end thereof. In another embodiment, a direct repeat sequence separates each spacer. In one embodiment, the vector is a non-viral vector. In other embodiments, the vector is a viral vector. In a further embodiment, the vector is a retroviral vector. In yet another embodiment, the vector is a lentiviral vector. Furthermore, the library comprises at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 99% of the vectors as described herein.

In another embodiment, a higher concentration of infectious particles per unit volume is present in the viral vector library provided herein compared to a conventional CRISPR viral vector library. Therefore, a lower viral volume is required at transduction using the viral vector library provided herein compared to the conventional CRISPR viral vector library. This provides a manufacturing and/or production advantage since less volume of virus needs to be produced to infect the same number of cells compared to the conventional CRISPR viral vector library.

A higher percentage of the described vector in the library leads to a higher functional viral titer compared to a CRISPR-CAS9 system. This advantage of higher titer is beneficial from multiple perspectives, including the need for a lower number of cells prepared for transduction of the vectors to achieve a desired number of cells containing deletions by the Cpf1 protein. Furthermore, as disclosed herein, only one vector is incorporated into a cell to generate a deletion by a Cpf1 protein. In one embodiment, this use of a single vector also contributes to a desired functional viral titer.

III. Methods

Methods are thus described herein for generation of the compositions described above or for use of same to generate genomic deletions via Cpf1 and paired-guide RNA, particularly in a high-throughput manner.

In one aspect, a method comprises transducing in vitro a mammalian cell with one or more vectors, each vector comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell; and (ii) a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide. Each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell. The CRISPR RNA array is in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter. The method further includes culturing the transduced cells. In the cultured cells, the Cpf1 creates a deletion comprising the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites located downstream of each PAM, thereby providing a plurality of transduced cell cultures. Each cell culture comprises at least one such deletion.

As disclosed in the examples, a variability in the junctions of deletion was observed, which might be introduced by a cellular DNA repair machinery. In one embodiment, the Cpf1 creates a deletion of the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites. In another embodiment, the Cpf1 creates (i) a deletion of the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites; and (ii) a deletion of a region adjacent to one of the cleavage site, wherein the adjacent region might consist of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, about 45, or about 50 nucleotide(s) adjacent to the cleavage sites, and wherein the adjacent region is not in the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites. In yet another embodiment, the Cpf1 creates (i) a deletion of the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites; and (ii) a deletion of two adjacent regions thereof, wherein each region is adjacent to one of the cleavage site, wherein the adjacent region might consist of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, about 45, or about 50 nucleotide(s) adjacent to the cleavage sites, and wherein the adjacent region is not in the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites. In one embodiment, the vector is a viral vector. In a further embodiment, the vector is a retroviral vector. In yet a further embodiment, the vector is a lentiviral vector.

In one embodiment, the Cpf1 protein is selected from AsCpf1, LbCpf1, Lb2Cpf1, Lb3Cpf1, BpCpf1, PeCpf1, FnCpf1, LiCpf1, PmCpf1, PcCpf1, PdCpf1, MbCpf1, SsCpf1, CMtCpf1, and EeCpf1. In one embodiment, the Cpf1 protein is LbCpf1.

In one embodiment, the PAM is TTTV or TTTN, where in V stands for A, C or G and N stands for any nucleotide.

In one embodiment, the crRNA array comprises between two to ten spacers. In one embodiment, a direct repeat sequence separates each spacer in the crRNA array. In a further embodiment, at least one direct repeat is a direct repeat with a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. Additionally or alternatively, at least one direct repeat is an engineered optimized repeat. In some embodiments, the optimized repeat comprises a nucleic acid sequence, TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT, SEQ ID NO: 7. In a further embodiment, the optimized repeat consists of a nucleic acid sequence,

SEQ ID NO: 7 TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT,.

In one embodiment, the Cpf1 cleavage sites for any two crRNA spacers are spaced apart in contiguous sequence of the genome or chromosome by about 100 bp to about 10 kb. In one embodiment, the distance between the spacers is at least 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000 or up to 10,000 or more bases. In one embodiment, the deletion occurs in a non-coding sequence of said genome or chromosome. In another embodiment, the deletion occurs in a coding sequence of said genome or chromosome.

In one embodiment, the method described herein further comprising prior to the transducing step: generating a library of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) spacers, wherein each spacer encodes a RNA guide which hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian, and wherein each crRNA hybridizes to a protospacer that is unique as compared to that of any other crRNA in the library.

Additionally or alternatively, the method further comprises prior to the transducing step: generating a library of virus vectors, each vector comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 protein and a selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell; and (ii) a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide, wherein each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, said array in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter.

Additionally, or alternatively, the method further comprises harvesting genomic DNA from each cell culture to identify or quantify the deletion. In one embodiment, the method as described herein, further comprises identifying or quantifying spacers and/or RNA guides. The conventional methods of such identification or quantification is well known to one of skill in the art, for example, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, quantitative PCR, genome sequencing, or RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing).

In one embodiment, the culturing step occurs for between more than two or less than 30 days.

Additionally, or alternatively, the method further comprises identifying or quantifying the effects of the deletion on the cell. In one embodiment, the effect is a phenotypic change of the transfected cell cultures. In another embodiment, the effect is a response of the transfected cell cultures to a treatment. In a further embodiment, the treatment comprises contact of said cultured cells to a chemical or biological agent or compound, or exposure to a physical treatment. In yet a further embodiment, said treatment comprises contact of said cells with a chemical compound and said effect or change is demonstrated a change in response to said compound in said transduced cultured cells compared to the response exhibited by the said cell culture without said deletion. Compositions, reagents, protocols, methods, tools, arrays suitable for such chemical or biological agent or compound, or the physical treatment, or such identifications or quantifications can be readily chosen by one skilled artisan.

Additionally, or alternatively, the method can be utilized as a therapy for a disease, to delete disease-associated gene or polynucleotide. In one embodiment, the term “disease” refers, without limitation, to any abnormal state relating to gene copy number gains, or one or more copies of a genomic region of interest, e.g. tumor comprising a copy of oncogenes, Down syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and etc. In one embodiment, the method is utilized to generate genomic deletion(s) to remove pathogenic repeats or genomic region of interest, such as the C9orf72 repeat found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD); or the third copy of chromosome 21 found in Down syndrome.

Embodiments of the Invention

Invention disclosed herein may include but not limited to the following embodiments, which are numbered for ease of reference.

Embodiment 1 is an in vitro method that comprises: transducing a mammalian cell with one or more virus vectors, each vector comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cas12a protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell; and (ii) a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide, wherein each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, said array in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter; and culturing said transduced cells, wherein in the cultured cells, the Cas12a creates a deletion comprising the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites located downstream of each the PAM, thereby providing a plurality of transduced cell cultures, each cell culture comprising said deletion.

Embodiment 2 is the method according to embodiment 1, wherein the viral vector is a retroviral vector. Embodiment 3 is the method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the viral vector is a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated virus (AAV).

Embodiment 4 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein said crRNA array comprises between two to ten said spacers.

Embodiment 5 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein a direct repeat sequence separates each spacer in the crRNA array.

Embodiment 6 is the method according to embodiment 5, wherein at least one direct repeat is an engineered optimized repeat.

Embodiment 7 is the method according to embodiment 6, wherein the optimized repeat comprises a nucleic acid sequence, TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT, SEQ ID NO: 7.

Embodiment 8 is the method according to embodiment 6 or 7, wherein the optimized repeat consists of a nucleic acid sequence, TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT, SEQ ID NO: 7.

Embodiment 9 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 8, further comprising prior to the transducing step generating a library of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide which hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian, and wherein each crRNA guide hybridizes to a protospacer that is unique as compared to that of any other crRNA in the library.

Embodiment 10 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 9, further comprising prior to the transducing step: generating a library of virus vectors, each vector comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 protein and a selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell; and (ii) a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide, wherein each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, said array in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter.

Embodiment 11 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 10, further comprising harvesting genomic DNA from each cell culture to identify or quantify the deletion.

Embodiment 12 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the Cpf1 cleavage sites for any two crRNA spacers are spaced apart in contiguous sequence of the genome or chromosome by about 100 bp to about 1 mb.

Embodiment 13 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the deletion occurs in a non-coding sequence of said genome or chromosome.

Embodiment 14 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the deletion occurs in a coding sequence of said genome or chromosome.

Embodiment 15 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the culturing step occurs for between more than two and less than 30 days.

Embodiment 16 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 15, further comprising identifying or quantifying the effects of said deletion on the cell.

Embodiment 17 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 16, further comprising identifying or quantifying a phenotypic change of the transfected cell cultures.

Embodiment 18 is the method according to any of embodiments 1 to 17, further comprising identifying or quantifying response of the transfected cell cultures to a treatment.

Embodiment 19 is the method according to embodiment 18, wherein the treatment comprises contact of the cultured cells to a chemical or biological agent or compound, or exposure to a physical treatment.

Embodiment 20 is the method according to embodiment 19, wherein said treatment comprises contact of the cells with a chemical compound and the effect or change is demonstrated a change in response to the compound in the transduced cultured cells compared to the response exhibited by the cell culture without the deletion.

Embodiment 21 is a library of mammalian cell cultures, wherein each cell of the cell culture comprises at least one deletion in a contiguous DNA of a chromosome or the genome, and wherein the library is generated by the method of any one of embodiments 1 to 20.

Embodiment 22 is the library according to embodiment 21, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, an embryonic stem cell, or a cancer cell.

Embodiment 23 is a library of nucleic acid sequences, comprising at least two CRISPR RNA spacers (crRNAs), wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide which hybridizes to a unique protospacer sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, wherein the crRNA guides are capable of complexing with Cpf1 protein and providing targeting specificity and binding ability for nuclease activity of Cpf1, and wherein each of the spacers is adjacent to an optimized Direct Repeat at the 5′ end thereof.

Embodiment 24 is the library according to embodiment 23, wherein the optimized Direct Repeats comprise a nucleic acid sequence of TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT, SEQ ID NO: 7.

Embodiment 25 is the library according to embodiments 23 or 24, wherein the crRNA guide targets every Cpf1-specific protospacer in a contiguous region of genome or chromosome of a cell.

Embodiment 26 is the library according to any of embodiments 23 to 25, wherein the crRNA guide targets at least about 100, about 1000, about 10,000, about 100,000, about 1,000,000 or more sequences in a genome or chromosome of the cell.

Embodiment 27 is a library of vectors, wherein each vector comprises two or more spacers from the library according to any of embodiments 23 to 26.

Embodiment 28 is a library comprising Cpf1-guide vectors, wherein each of the Cpf1-guide vectors comprises: (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with regulatory sequences which controls expression thereof; and (b) two or more spacers from the library according to any of embodiments 23 to 26, wherein each of the spacers is adjacent to a direct Repeat at the 5′ end thereof.

Embodiment 29 is the library according to embodiment 28, wherein the library comprising at least 75% of the Cpf1-guide vectors.

Example

The following examples disclose the programmable genomic deletions by CRISPR-Cpf1 with paired crRNAs. As described in the Examples below, paired deletions of defined genomic regions were shown in human cells using Cpf1 via both transient transfection and lentiviral transduction. Pairs of guides and an optimized repeat were cloned into lentiviral Cpf1 vectors. Produced lentivirus was then transduced into HEK293 human cells. After 10 days, a flanking PCR was utilized to read out specific bands corresponding to the wild-type genome and the genome after deletion of the targeted intervening region (See Example 2). The results show that Cpf1 deletions achieve comparable efficiency to Cas9 deletions but with >3-fold higher viral titer and greater variability in their junctions. In addition, Cpf1 deletions are most efficiently induced when guide sequences have balanced GC content.

These examples are provided for the purpose of illustration only. The protocols and methods described in the examples are not considered to be limitations on the scope of the claimed invention. Rather this specification should be construed to encompass any and all variations that become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein. One of skill in the art will understand that changes or variations can be made in the disclosed embodiments of the examples, and expected similar results can be obtained. For example, the substitutions of reagents that are chemically or physiologically related for the reagents described herein are anticipated to produce the same or similar results. All such similar substitutes and modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art and fall within the scope of the invention.

The creation of precise genomic deletions using CRISPR programmable nucleases has many applications in gene therapy, human disease modeling and high-throughput forward genetic screens. The possibility of using the newly characterized Cpf1 nuclease for introducing deletions into human cells was investigated. In contrast to Cas9, Cpf1 has several advantages, such as ease of cloning, easy multiplexing of guide RNAs, a smaller nuclease size, and ability to target AT-rich regions like introns. In these examples, we measured the efficiency of our Cpf1-based deletion system head-to-head with Cas9-induced deletions. We found that Cpf1 created deletions over a large range of sizes (500 bp-5 kb) at comparable efficiency to Cas9. In addition, we demonstrate an optimized (shortened) scaffold that still can be processed by Cpf1, find that the guide GC content impacts deletion efficiency, and show that the deletion junctions between chromosomal ends differs between Cas9-induced deletions and those made using Cpf1. Thus, this novel CRISPR-Cpf1 deletion system further expands the genome editing toolbox and is of broad interest to users with different gene editing applications, including high-throughput deletion screens and in vivo disease models.

Example 1: Methods

A. sgRNA Design.

To design Cas9 sgRNA pairs, the Benchling CRISPR tool (benchling.com) was used to search for all possible guides around the Empty Spiracles Homeobox 1 (EMX1) locus. We used the following input parameters: (1) guide length was set to 20 nucleotides, and (2) the PAM sequence was defined as 5′-NGG-3′. Three pairs of guide sequences were selected based on the optimized on-target and off-target scores. On-target scores predict efficiency at the intended target (Doench, 2016) and all guides chosen scored higher than 0.5. Off-target scores indicate specificity (Hsu, 2013) and all guides chosen scored higher than 0.6 in the specificity score and had no perfect matches elsewhere in the genome.

To design Cpf1 guide pairs, all guides around EMX1 were identified by searching for the LbCpf1 PAM sequence (5′-TTTV-3′, V is A/C/G) and selecting the 23 nucleotides downstream of the PAM sequence (Kim H. K., 2017). Due to the lack of specificity and efficiency scoring tools for LbCpf1 guides, the guides were screened using the following criteria: (1) we avoided guide sequences containing homo-oligomers consisting of more than four of the same nucleotide; (2) we ensured that guide sequences had a balanced GC content (30%-70%); (3) we avoided guide sequences with perfect matches elsewhere in the genome. The UCSC Blat tool (genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat?command=start) was used to align guide sequences to the human genome in order to map the deletion locations and verify the targeting specificity.

B. Vector Cloning.

To construct a lentiviral all-in-one vector for Cas9 to deliver paired guides, we performed a two-step cloning process: (1) we added the two guide sequences to flank a mU6 promoter through PCR amplification; (2) we ligated the BsmBI digested PCR product to the BsmBI digested lentiviral transfer vector. The lentiCRISPRv2 backbone used here contains a sgRNA expressing cassette (hU6 promoter and sgRNA) and SpCas9 sequence (Addgene plasmid 52961) (Sanjana, 2014). In step (1), the forward primer consists of the BsmBI recognition site, the full sequence of sgRNA-1 (includes guide sequence and sgRNA scaffold) and first 20 nt of complementary sequence of the mU6 promoter for efficient annealing. The reverse primer contains the BsmBI recognition site and only the guide sequence of another sgRNA-2, since the scaffold for sgRNA-2 is already present in lentiCRISPRv2. After PCR amplification and purification, the insert DNA was digested with FastDigest BsmBI (Thermo Fisher Scientific), enabling a scarless ligation of insert DNA and vector backbone. Additional steps in backbone preparation and ligation was performed as described previously (Sanjana, 2014).

To construct a Cpf1 all-in-one vector, we first exchanged SpCas9 for LbCpf1 in the lentiviral backbone. LentiCRISPRv2 plasmid was digested with FastDigest Afel and BamHI, and the 8.4 kb band was gel purified then Gibson ligated with LbCpf1 amplified from pY016 plasmid (Addgene plasmid 69988). The guide expressing cassette was cut out, and then a PCR amplified cassette with a flipped Gibson overhang was ligated back to the backbone. The flipped U6 cassette ensures successful packaging of viral particle since Cpf1's ribonuclease activity is both structure and sequence dependent and it cannot recognize and cut the flipped sgRNA sequence. To clone in specific guide pairs, we synthesized top and bottom strand oligos containing guide-1, the intervening direct repeat (including both optimized and non-optimized repeat), and guide-2 with appropriate overhangs for the BsmBI digested vector overhangs. For Cpf1, no additional promoter is needed for expression of guide-2.

C. Cell Culture and Transient Transfection.

HEK293FT cells (Invitrogen) were cultured in D10 media, which is DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and maintained at 37° C. in 95% air, 5% CO₂. Cells were passaged every two to three days in 1:3 to 1:6 ratios. HAP1 cells were cultured in IMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) plus 10% FBS and passaged every two to three days in 1:10 to 1:20 ratios. A 6-well of 80% confluent HAP1 was transfected with 4 μg all-in-one vector and 3.3 μg of polyethylenimine (PEI) (Polysciences). After 24 hours, transfected cells were passaged into D10 with 2 μg/ml puromycin (Life Technology) for 2 to 3 days of selection. A non-transfected control was passaged in parallel into D10-puro to verify that selection was complete. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was harvested at day 3-4 post transfection for later PCR genotyping and quantifications.

D. Lentivirus Production and Functional Titer Comparison.

To produce lentivirus, early passaged HEK293FT cells were cultured in 6-well until 80% confluence, and co-transfected in OptiMEM (Life Technologies) with 1 μg all-in-one vector, 0.55 μg pMD2.G, 0.8 μg psPAX2 (Addgene plasmids 12259 and 12260) and 5.5 μl of transfection reagent (either Lipofectamine 2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, or 1 mg/ml PEI solution). For Lipofectamine 2000, media was changed at 6 hours post transfection into D10 supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin (Sigma). For PEI, media was added up to 3 ml per well at 24 hours post transfection. After 60 hours' incubation, virus supernatants were harvested, centrifuged at 300×g at 4° C. and filtered through a 0.45 μm low protein binding membrane (Millipore) to remove cells and cell debris. For functional titer comparison, Cas9 virus and Cpf1 virus were compared based on puromycin resistance after transduction. 200 μl of either Cas9 or Cpf1 viral supernatant was applied to 50,000 HAP1 cell suspension in triplicate in 24-well plate. In parallel, triplicate controls with the same seeding density but no addition of virus were included as a drug selection control. After 24 hours, each well was passaged in an equal ratio into D10 and D10 plus 1 μg/μl puromycin in 12-well plate. After two days of selection, all uninfected cells in puromycin media were dead and the other wells remained sub-confluent. All wells were treated the same: (1) media was aspirated and the cells were washed once with PBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific); (2) TrypLE Express (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added to dissociate the cells, incubated at 37° C. for 3 minutes, neutralized and re-suspended in PBS; (3) Each well were counted three times as technical replicates.

Puromycin survival rate was calculated as follows:

Survival %=(Cell density in puro media)/(Cell density in regular media)×100%

E. Lentivirus Transduction.

To transduce HEK293FT cells, 10 μl of the concentrated Cas9/Cpf1 virus was applied to 100,000 cells in suspension with 8 μg/ml polybrene (Sigma) to enhance transduction efficiency. Transduced cells, as well as uninfected controls, were passaged into D10 plus 1 μg/μl puromycin media 24 hours post transduction. After two days, all uninfected cells treated with puromycin media were dead. The remaining wells were kept in the selection and passaged every other day to keep them at a sub-confluent density. gDNA was harvested at day 22 for PCR genotyping and quantification.

F. gDNA Extraction, PCR Genotyping and qPCR Quantification.

gDNA was harvested using GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Importantly, we found that crude DNA extraction (e.g. using a lysis buffer without column cleanup) was insufficient for accurate qPCR quantification of deletion efficiency using the methods described below. PCR genotyping was performed using Phusion Flash High-Fidelity (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with outer primers that flank deletion regions. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) using PerfeCTa SYBR Green FastMix (QuantaBio) was employed to quantify wild-type gDNA. According to the manufacturer's recommendations, all gDNA samples were diluted to lower than 20 ng/μl for best amplification result. All primers used for qPCR were pre-tested with an uninfected control sample to confirm presence of a single unique amplicon based on the melting curve. We designed inner primers to amplify within the deletion region and control primers to amplify a region located on the same chromosome but 10 Mb downstream of EMX1 locus. All primers were designed to amplify a less than 200 bp region. The qPCR data was normalized using the ΔΔCt normalization. For each sample, a 2-fold serial dilution of 4 dilutions were quantified each time to increase readout validity. A similar qPCR approach was previously described to quantify gene copy number (Ma, 2014) and targeted genomic deletion (Pulido-Quetglas, 2017).

G. Allelic Cloning.

gDNA from Cas9-transfected and Cpf1-transfected HAP1 cells was amplified using Phusion Flash High-Fidelity (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a reduced extension time to only amplify the deletion product. The PCR product was then purified with a PCR purification kit (Qiagen). pUC19 plasmid was digested with FastDigest EcoRI and BamHI, and phosphorylated using FastAP Thermosensitive Alkaline Phosphatase (Thermo Fisher Scientific) to avoid self-ligation. A 10 μl Gibson ligation reaction (NEB) was performed using ˜100 ng of the purified inserts and 25 ng of the digested pUC19. 1 μl of the reaction was transformed into 10 μl of chemically competent Stbl3 cells prepared using Zymo Mix & Go kit (Zymo Research). Colonies were picked and plasmids were extracted using QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit (Qiagen) for Sanger sequencing to compare deletion junctions.

Example 2: Programmable Genomic Deletions by CRISPR-Cpf1 with Paired crRNAs

The creation of precise genomic deletions using CRISPR programmable nucleases has diverse applications in gene therapy, human disease modeling and high-throughput forward genetic screens. Here we compare CRISPR-Cpf1 and CRISPR-Cas9 deletion systems side-by-side in human near-haploid cells and human embryonic kidney cells. LbCpf1 and guide CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) delivered in a single vector create genomic deletions with similar efficiency as SpCas9 paired sgRNAs (30-60% deletion) yet have distinct end-joining characteristics. In addition, we show that Cpf1-mediated deletions have greater variability in their junctions and are most efficiently induced when guide sequences have balanced GC content. Using lentiviral transduction, we find that Cpf1 deletions achieve comparable efficiency to Cas9 deletions but with >3-fold higher viral titer.

The CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease and paired single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) mediate targeted genomic deletions by creating two double stranded breaks (DSBs) which are joined together through intrinsic cellular repair mechanisms (Canver, 2014) (FIG. 1a ). Precise genomic deletions using Cas9 have been valuable for establishing in vivo disease models (Young, 2016) and performing high-throughput loss-of-function screens (Zhu, 2016; Diao, 2017). However, Cas9-driven deletion have several limitations, including difficultly targeting AT-rich regions of the genome such as introns and potentially confounding off-target effects. The recently-characterized CRISPR effector Cpf1 has lower off-target rates compared to Cas9 (Kim D. K., 2016; Kleinstiver, 2016), suggesting a highly specific alternative for engineering genomic deletions (FIG. 1b ). In addition, the Cpf1 nuclease recognizes 5′-TTTV-3′ protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) and produces a staggered cut distal to the PAM site (Zetsche B. G., 2015). Here, we develop a system to introduce genomic deletions by engineering Cpf1 with a pair of crRNAs in a single vector system, which can be delivered either through transient transfection or lentiviral transduction.

We first constructed deletion systems that contain CRISPR nucleases and their associated guides: either Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) or Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 Cpf1 (LbCpf1) (FIG. 2a ). In the Cas9 deletion vector, two PolIII orthologous promoters (hU6 and mU6) drive the expression of each sgRNA individually. For Cpf1 deletion system, we incorporated a flipped crRNA cassette driven by one promoter (hU6), which initiates the expression of a single crRNA with two guides to target two regions of the genome. Due to its ribonuclease activity (Fonfara, 2016), Cpf1 further processes this crRNA into two separate functional crRNAs. The simplicity of guide expression in the Cpf1 deletion system makes it substantially easier to clone compared to the Cas9 deletion system (FIG. 3). For lentiviral production, the flipped orientation of the crRNA cassette is necessary to prevent cutting of the viral RNA genome by Cpf1 (Zetsche B, 2017).

After vector cloning, we transiently transfected near-haploid HAP1 cells with Cas9 and Cpf1 deletion systems and compared resulting genomic deletions (FIG. 4). For each pair, we designed two guides spaced approximately 500 bp apart around the EMX1 locus (FIG. 2b ). Conventional PCR genotyping was performed using outer primers flanking the genomic region and we found that both systems created ˜500 bp deletions at the predicted sites (FIGS. 2c and 5). We next quantified the deletion efficiency using quantitative PCR (qPCR) with purified genomic DNA harvested 4-5 days post-transfection. Primers were designed to amplify ˜100 bp regions within the predicted deletion and compared with a control region ˜10 Mb away on the same chromosome. We found that this approach quantifies the abundance of the targeted region with high sensitivity (FIG. 6).

In HAP1 cells, Cpf1 deletion constructs showed a comparable deletion efficiency (51%, 56% and 34%) to Cas9 (58% and 55%) (FIG. 2d ). To engineer a more compact Cpf1 deletion construct, we tested two different Cpf1 direct repeats: a full-length direct repeat that contains a 20 bp sequence before the stem-loop, and a processed form of the repeat with only 5 bp before the stem-loop (Zetsche B. G., 2015) (FIG. 2e ). The processed repeat constructs had deletion efficiencies ranging between 35-70% (FIG. 2f ) and there was no significant difference between these and the same guide pairs with full-length repeats (FIG. 2g ). This suggests that a shortened direct repeat is sufficient for creating genomic deletions.

Given the easy multiplexing with the processed repeat, we wondered whether adding additional target sites at either side of the deletion could further boost deletion efficiency. To test this, we added two additional guides within 150 bp of each target site in a 1.5 kb deletion, yielding a crRNA with 4 guides linked by processed repeats between each guide (FIG. 7a ). As expected, we observed additional bands corresponding to the predicted combinations of cut sites (FIGS. 7b-7c ). However, we found that the overall deletion efficiency with 4 guides was similar to what we observed with only 2 guides and this was also true for an additional set of inner target sites (FIG. 7d ).

Previous work has suggested that genome modification with another Cpf1 ortholog (AsCpf1) is most efficient when the GC content of the guide sequence is 30-70% (Kim H. K., 2017). To understand the relationship between GC content of guide sequences and deletion efficiency in our LbCpf1 deletion system, we designed 6 deletion pairs where both guides had a GC content outside of the 30-70% range and 18 pairs with GC content in the 30-70% range. All guides were designed to target in the same region near EMX1 gene. We discovered that a balanced GC content contributed to more efficient deletions with an average deletion rate of 33% while the average deletion rate in the extreme GC group was only 14% (FIG. 8a ). With the improved design strategy, we designed three additional guide pairs to create larger (5 kb) deletions and again compared Cas9 and Cpf1 deletion systems head-to-head (Pulido-Quetglas, 2017) (FIG. 9). We introduced these constructs into HAP1 cells using transient transfection, and, after 4-5 days, we found that both Cas9 and Cpf1 efficiently introduced deletions with an average deletion rate of 47% for Cas9 and 53% for Cpf1 (FIGS. 10 and 8 b). Overall, across the range of deletions that we attempted (500 bp, 1.5 kb, and 5 kb), we found that Cpf1 was able to introduce deletions at a comparable rate to Cas9.

Given that Cpf1 produces a staggered cut, we wondered whether Cpf1-induced deletions would result in different repair outcomes/junctions than Cas9-induced deletions, which have a blunt cut. To test this, we amplified genomic DNA and sequenced individually cloned alleles (FIG. 11). We found that Cpf1 tended to create larger deletions than predicted by cut position with greater heterogeneity in repair outcomes, whereas Cas9 introduced more precise, stereotyped deletions (FIGS. 8b, 8c and 11). This finding is consistent with a previous study that compared LbCpf1 and SpCas9 repair outcomes with single guide sequences: LbCpf1 tends to create indels with larger deletions (>10 bp), whereas SpCas9 often result in a mixture of small insertions and deletions (Kim D. K., 2016).

For certain applications such as in vivo disease models or pooled high-throughput screens, viral delivery is often required and we designed our constructs with the flexibility to use them for lentiviral production. The flipped U6 system allows successful packaging of lentivirus and prevents Cpf1 from cutting the crRNA before viral packaging, which is essential for producing an intact ssRNA genome (Zetsche B, 2017). Notably, Cpf1 deletion virus had ˜3-fold higher titer compared to Cas9 deletion virus (FIG. 12). This may be due to the size difference of the lentiviral genomes (˜8.6 kb for Cas9 vs. ˜7.7 kb for Cpf1), as larger genome sizes results in lower viral titer (al Yacoub, 2007). It has also been observed that lentiviral vectors with multiple promoters with similar sequences (e.g. multiple U6 promoters, as in the Cas9 vector) can trigger recombination during viral packaging and also lower viral titer (Brake, 2008). We transduced HEK293FT cells at a low multiplicity of infection (<0.1) and selected them with puromycin for approximately 3 weeks (FIG. 13). We performed quantitative analysis of genome deletions and found that viral delivery of Cas9 and Cpf1 yielded a similar deletion rate in HEK293FT cells (FIG. 8f ).

In summary, we present a side-by-side comparison of deletions introduced via the programmable nucleases Cas9 and Cpf1. Using PCR genotyping and qPCR analysis, we demonstrate that targeted deletions can be efficiently induced by both nucleases. Allele sequencing results suggest Cas9 creates deletions more precisely than Cpf1 deletions. However, an expanded targeting space of AT-rich regions, simplicity of cloning multiple guide sequences, higher viral titer and lower off-target modification make the LbCpf1 deletion system a powerful addition to the genome engineering toolbox.

An enhancer region is screened and a human chromosome-scale deletion library is under investigation using Cpf1 deletions as described above for comprehensive analysis of functional elements that impact cell growth in the chromosome.

TABLE 1 Sequences of sgRNA/crRNA guides and LbCpf1 repeats. Cut PAM  Guide Strand Chr site (5′-3′) Sequence (5′-3′) 500 bp Deletion Cas9 pair a 1 - 2 72916609 CGG TCACCTTCCACCCGCGACCG; SEQ ID NO: 8 2 + 2 72917151 CGG CCAAACATCCACCCTCCGCT; SEQ ID NO: 9 Cas9 pair b 1 - 2 72917383 GGG GCCGGACTGGAGCCTTCGCG; SEQ ID NO: 10 2 + 2 72917884 CGG GTGCACACCCCGCAAGGCGG; SEQ ID NO: 11 Cpf1 pair c 1 + 2 72916736 TTTA AGCCACAGTGTCTCCGAGGCCCT; SEQ ID NO: 12 2 + 2 72917267 TTTA GCCCCAAGCCCTTCGGACGCCTT; SEQ ID NO: 13 Cpf1 pair d 1 + 2 72918002 TTTA CCATAGAGTCCTTGGTGGCCAAG; SEQ ID NO: 14 2 - 2 72918550 TTTC CTGGGAGGGAGACCTACGCGGCG; SEQ ID NO: 15 Cpf1 pair e 1 - 2 72919141 TTTA TTAGCAAGCCGATTGCTGGATGC; SEQ ID NO: 16 2 + 2 72919637 TTTC CCAGGTCCCGATTTGTCAGGCAA; SEQ ID NO: 17 5 kb Deletion Cas9 pair f 1 + 2 72917334 AGG AGCTAAAGGGCGGAGTCGCG; SEQ ID NO: 18 2 - 2 72922316 TGG GAAGATTAAAGTCTCTGGGG; SEQ ID NO: 19 Cas9 pair g 1 + 2 72917606 AGG GGTCCCAGCGGGACTCCGAA; SEQ ID NO: 20 2 - 2 72922618 GGG ACAGAGTTGCTAGGATTGCG; SEQ ID NO: 21 Cas9 pair h 1 - 2 72918096 GGG TGAGGGTAGTTGAGCGCCGT; SEQ ID NO: 22 2 + 2 72923085 GGG GATTGTGTGAGGGCCTAGTG; SEQ ID NO: 23 Cpf1 pair i 1 - 2 72915401 TTTA ACTGGGCAGGTAGAGAAGCTTGG; SEQ ID NO: 24 (D239) 2 + 2 72920450 TTTC GAACCCTGTAGCGCTGTTGCTTC; SEQ ID NO: 25 Cpf1 pair j 1 + 2 72915655 TTTC GTTCCATATGGAAGGAGACAACG; SEQ ID NO: 26 (D240) 2 - 2 72920592 TTTC TAGAGAACCGGGTCTCAGCGATG; SEQ ID NO: 27 Cpf1 pair k 1 + 2 72917158 TTTC AGTTCTCAGAGAACTTGGATCCG; SEQ ID NO: 28 (D241) 2 + 2 72922172 TTTC CTCTGGACAAATGAACCAGAGAG; SEQ ID NO: 29 Cpf1 pair l 1 + 2 72917424 TTTG CCTCCGACTGCGGGCTCCCTCCC; SEQ ID NO: 30 (D216) 2 - 2 72922413 TTTG ACTTGGGATAGTGGAATAGACAG; SEQ ID NO: 31 5 kb Deletion (Extreme -GC group) Cpf1 pair 1 1 + 2 72917301 TTTA GCTGAGTCTGGTGGCCGTGCCGC; SEQ ID NO: 32 2 - 2 72922259 TTTG AAGCAAGTTATTAACATTAACAA; SEQ ID NO: 33 Cpf1 pair 2 1 - 2 72913487 TTTC ACCACAAAATTTCTTGAATGATT; SEQ ID NO: 34 2 - 2 72918550 TTTC CTGGGAGGGAGACCTACGCGGCG; SEQ ID NO: 35 Cpf1 pair 3 1 - 2 72913487 TTTC ACCACAAAATTTCTTGAATGATT; SEQ ID NO: 36 2 - 2 72918801 TTTC CCCCGCCCGGACGCGCCAGCGAA; SEQ ID NO: 37 Cpf1 pair 4 1 - 2 72917301 TTTA GCTGAGTCTGGTGGCCGTGCCGC; SEQ ID NO: 38 2 + 2 72922259 TTTG AAGCAAGTTATTAACATTAACAA; SEQ ID NO: 39 Cpf1 pair 5 1 + 2 72917424 TTTG CCTCCGACTGCGGGCTCCCTCCC; SEQ ID NO: 40 2 + 2 72922259 TTTG AAGCAAGTTATTAACATTAACAA; SEQ ID NO: 41 Cpf1 pair 6 1 - 2 72917587 TTTC GGAGTCCCGCTGGGACCGACCCC; SEQ ID NO: 42 2 + 2 72922259 TTTG AAGCAAGTTATTAACATTAACAA; SEQ ID NO: 43 5 kb Deletion (balanced -GC group) Cpf1 pair 7 1 + 2 72913577 TTTG TAAGGCAAGGAGACATAAAGATG; SEQ ID NO: 44 2 + 2 72918617 TTTC TAGAAAATATACCAGTTCGGACG; SEQ ID NO: 45 Cpf1 pair 8 1 - 2 72913849 TTTG CTGGCTAACTTCGTTCTTAAAAC; SEQ ID NO: 46 2 - 2 72919225 TTTC TCCGGGAAAGACAAATAATTGAA; SEQ ID NO: 47 Cpf1 pair 9 1 - 2 72914797 TTTC TTCCATAGCTCTGCTTATCTTTA; SEQ ID NO: 48 2 - 2 72919449 TTTC ATTTGTTTCTCTAAAAGCCGGGT; SEQ ID NO: 49 Cpf1 pair 10 1 - 2 72914312 TTTC CTGGAGGTCCCATCTCCTGCAAC; SEQ ID NO: 50 2 + 2 72918946 TTTC TCGGCAACCTTGGCCCGACTTCT; SEQ ID NO: 51 Cpf1 pair 11 1 - 2 72914344 TTTC ACTTTGCCCCTGTCCAGCCTCCC; SEQ ID NO: 52 2 + 2 72919126 TTTA AGGTCGTAGCCAGTCCGAACCCC; SEQ ID NO: 53 Cpf1 pair 12 1 - 2 72914437 TTTC CTCCCACCCAAGCTGCTGAGCTC; SEQ ID NO: 54 2 - 2 72919910 TTTC GAGACCCAGGCTTCGGATCGAGC; SEQ ID NO: 55 Cpf1 pair 13 1 - 2 72914859 TTTC CTCTCCCAGCGCCCCTTTCTGTC; SEQ ID NO: 56 2 - 2 72919586 TTTC TGTGAAAGTCAAAGTGTCAAGAG; SEQ ID NO: 57 Cpf1 pair 14 1 - 2 72914271 TTTG GAGAATAGCCCGATGCCTCCCAG; SEQ ID NO: 58 2 + 2 72919243 TTTC AATTATTTGTCTTTCCCGGAGAA; SEQ ID NO: 59 Cpf1 pair 15 1 + 2 72915335 TTTA GATATGAACAAGTATACCCAGAG; SEQ ID NO: 60 2 + 2 72920361 TTTC CCTCAAGAACCGAGTCTGGACGC; SEQ ID NO: 61 Cpf1 pair 16 1 + 2 72913870 TTTA AGAACGAAGTTAGCCAGCAAAGA; SEQ ID NO: 62 2 + 2 72919157 TTTG CATCCAGCAATCGGCTTGCTAAT; SEQ ID NO: 63 Cpf1 pair 17 1 - 2 72913857 TTTG CTTCTTTGCTGGCTAACTTCGTT; SEQ ID NO: 64 2 + 2 72919252 TTTG TCTTTCCCGGAGAAAAGAGAGTT; SEQ ID NO: 65 Cpf1 pair 18 1 + 2 72914048 TTTG GAGTCTGACATTGATCCAGTGCA; SEQ ID NO: 66 2 - 2 72919252 TTTC TCTTTCCCGGAGAAAAGAGAGTT; SEQ ID NO: 67 Cpf1 pair 19 1 + 2 72913208 TTTG GCTCCTAGCACGGCTCTATGAAA; SEQ ID NO: 68 2 - 2 72918581 TTTC TAGAAAAGCCTGGAGGTCTCCAC; SEQ ID NO: 69 Cpf1 pair 20 1 - 2 72913972 TTTG TCCATGCGGAGAACTTGGGAATC; SEQ ID NO: 70 2 + 2 72919408 TTTG TTAGTGTAGACCAGACCACAGCC; SEQ ID NO: 71 Cpf1 pair 21 1 + 2 72914092 TTTA CTCCTCACAGAGGTCCCGTATAA; SEQ ID NO: 72 2 - 2 72919141 TTTA TTAGCAAGCCGATTGCTGGATGC; SEQ ID NO: 73 Cpf1 pair 22 1 - 2 72913591 TTTC ACCTCCTTCTTTCCTATTCAGCC; SEQ ID NO: 74 2 - 2 72918981 TTTG CTTACTGCAAACCTTCCCCACCT; SEQ ID NO: 75 Cpf1 pair 23 1 - 2 72913527 TTTC TGTCCTCATGTTTCTCTCAGTCT; SEQ ID NO: 76 2 + 2 72919012 TTTG CAGTAAGCAAACTGGCTTCCGCC; SEQ ID NO: 77 Cpf1 pair 24 1 + 2 72913983 TTTG AGGTGATTCCCAAGTTCTCCGCA; SEQ ID NO: 78 2 + 2 72919356 TTTA AAGAGTGGCCTTGATTTGTACAG; SEQ ID NO: 79 Cas9 control 1 CTGAAGGTTCCAGGTCATTG; SEQ ID NO: 80 non-targeting 2 ACGGAGGCTAAGCGTCGCAA; SEQ ID NO: 81 Cpf1 control 1 GAGCAGACTCGTCGCTCACGACC; SEQ ID NO: 82 non-targeting 2 GAAGCTGTACCGGTGCTGAGTCA; SEQ ID NO: 83 Multi-guide deletion Cpf1 2-guide 1 - 2 72917158 TTTC AGTTCTCAGAGAACTTGGATCCG; SEQ ID NO: 84 2 + 2 72918617 TTTC TAGAAAATATACCAGTTCGGACG; SEQ ID NO: 85 Cpf1  1 - 2 72917158 TTTC AGTTCTCAGAGAACTTGGATCCG; SEQ ID NO: 86 4-guide-1 2 + 2 72917267 TTTA GCCCCAAGCCCTTCGGACGCCTT; SEQ ID NO: 87 3 - 2 72918581 TTTC TAGAAAAGCCTGGAGGTCTCCAC; SEQ ID NO: 88 4 + 2 72918617 TTTC TAGAAAATATACCAGTTCGGACG; SEQ ID NO: 89 Cpf1 1 - 2 72917158 TTTC AGTTCTCAGAGAACTTGGATCCG; SEQ ID NO: 90 4-guide-2 2 - 2 72917301 TTTA GCTGAGTCTGGTGGCCGTGCCGC; SEQ ID NO: 91 3 - 2 72918550 TTTC CTGGGAGGGAGACCTACGCGGCG; SEQ ID NO: 92 4 + 2 72918617 TTTC TAGAAAATATACCAGTTCGGACG; SEQ ID NO: 93

TABLE 2 Sequences of LbCpf1 Repeats LbCpf1 Full-length GTTTCAAAGATTAAATAAT Repeats TTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT; SEQ ID NO: 6 Processed TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAG AT; SEQ ID NO: 7

TABLE 3 Primers used in qPCR quantification Forward (5′-3′) Reverse (5′-3′) Normalization CACAGTCCTTCTCCA TTCACATACTGGGTC primers GCCAG; ACGCC; SEQ ID NO: 94 SEQ ID NO: 95 500 bp Cas9 GATGGGCTCGGGCTA CACCCTCCAGCTGTT inner pair 1 CTTG; CGC; primers SEQ ID NO: 96 SEQ ID NO: 97 Cas9 AGGTGAGCGGCGGCC GCGCGGGCTCCGTGC pair 2 AAT; TAG; SEQ ID NO: 98 SEQ ID NO: 99 Cpf1 TGGATCTCCCAGTGC TGTTCCTGAGGTTTC pair 1 CGAG; GCGTT; SEQ ID NO: 100 SEQ ID NO: 101 Cpf1 GTTCCCCGAGGCCAT GGACCCAGGGGTAGA pair 2 GAAC; AATGG; SEQ ID NO: 102 SEQ ID NO: 103 Cpf1 TCCCGGAGAAAAGAG CTAGCTCTGAGCCAT pair 3 AGTTGCAT; AGACCCT; SEQ ID NO: 104 SEQ ID NO: 105 5 kb inner GTTCCCCGAGGCCAT GGACCCAGGGGTAGA primers GAAC; AATGG; SEQ ID NO: 106 SEQ ID NO: 107 Multi-guide GTTCCCCGAGGCCAT GGACCCAGGGGTAGA inner  GAAC; AATGG; primers SEQ ID NO: 108 SEQ ID NO: 109

TABLE 4 Primers used in PCR genotyping and allelic cloning Forward (5′-3′) Reverse (5′-3′) 5 kb outer GGAGGGTTGGAGTTT AACAAGCCTCTACCC primers AGCCC; ACAGC; SEQ ID NO: 110 SEQ ID NO: 111 500 bp Cas9 CCGTACGGAAAAACT TTCGTCCCGGGATGT outer pair 1 GGCCG; CGTTT; primers SEQ ID NO: 112 SEQ ID NO: 113 Cas9 AGGAGGAGGCCTGGA GTAGTTGAGCGCCGT pair 2 TCTC; GGG; SEQ ID NO: 114 SEQ ID NO: 115 Cpf1 TGCTTCTGCGTGTCC CTGGCTTCTCCTCGC pair 1 TGACG; GACT; SEQ ID NO: 116 SEQ ID NO: 117 Cpf1 GCGCGGCTTTACCAT CTTGCGAGAGAAGCG pair 2 AGAGTC; TGGTG; SEQ ID NO: 118 SEQ ID NO: 119 Cpf1 TTAAGGTCGTAGCCA CTTGCCCAAGGCAGA pair 3 GTCCG; TGACA; SEQ ID NO: 120 SEQ ID NO: 121 Multi-guide TGTTGGACCCCAAAC GGAGAGCGGGAGGAG outer ATCCA; TTGTA; primers SEQ ID NO: 122 SEQ ID NO: 123 5 kb Forward AGTCACGACGTTGTAAAACGACGGCC outer AGTGGGAGGGTTGGAGTTTAGCCC; primers SEQ ID NO: 124 for Reverse AGCTTGCATGCCTGCAGGTCGACTCT allelic AGAGAACAAGCCTCTACCCACAGC; cloning SEQ ID NO: 125

Example 3: Discussion

To deliver paired Cas9 sgRNAs in lentivirus, each sgRNA requires a promoter to drive expression, current Cas9 deletion often uses mU6-hU6 promoter systems to reduce recombination during plasmid preparation and virus production (Zhu, 2016). Library cloning for a paired sgRNAs requires a two-step cloning to first insert paired sgRNAs and then cloned in the promoter. Additional steps in preparing library clones might increase the chance of losing sgRNA representations. Due to the ribonucleactivity of Cpf1, two sgRNAs can be expressed under the same promoter and later processed into two sgRNAs. One-step cloning can be used for Cpf1 dual-sgRNAs library preparation, demonstrating its ease of multiplexing.

When using the same amount of viral supernatant, Cas9 viral transductions show an overall lower titer compare to Cpf1 (>3-fold difference). Virus titer is indicated by puromycin survival rate after selection and needs to be tightly controlled in a pooled screen. Typically, MOI of 0.3-0.4 is recommended for pooled CRISPR screens to ensure single cell receives one or zero construct. If viral titer starts too low, it requires more cells to be used in the transduction, thus limiting the size of the sgRNA library, in turn, setting more constrains to the screening region.

The off-target cutting of Cas9 has the potential to confound a noncoding screening result. Cpf1 was reported to have significant lower off-target rate compares to Cas9 (Kim D. K., 2016; Kleinstiver, 2016). Using a Cas9 guide that has a relatively low specificity score (e.g. ˜60% specificity score predicted by Doench model (Doench, 2016)), the off-target cutting significantly reduces the growth rate even though guides were targeting at a non-expressing gene locus, which might influence the outcome in screens evaluating essentiality.

Most of the screens use a two-vector system to deliver a sgRNA library to Cas9-expressing cell line. The ‘all-in-one’ vector described in the methods herein is easily used for comparison between effectors and cell lines. There is no need to establish the Cas9/Cpf1 expressing cell line, i.e., picking single cell-derived clones and evaluating effector activity for multiple clones (which usually takes months). There is no need to control for similar effector activity among cell lines if the goal of the screen is to, e.g., find cancer specific vulnerabilities (increasing cell lines multiplies the efforts). However, using an all-in-one vector may require more cells to be used in screens to average the effector activity variance among cells.

This application contains sequences and a sequence listing, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Also incorporated by reference herein in its entirety is U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/552,816, filed Aug. 31, 2017. Each and every patent, patent application, and publication, including websites cited throughout the specification, and sequence that is publicly available or is identified in the specification, is incorporated herein by reference. While the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it will be appreciated that modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Sequence Listing Free Text

The following information is provided for sequences containing free text under numeric identifier <223>.

SEQ ID NO: (containing free text) Free text under <223> 6 <223> Direct repeat sequence 7 <223> Direct repest sequence. 8 <223> Pair a, guide 1, minus strand for Cas9 9 <223> Pair a, guide 2, plus strand for Cas9 10 <223> Pair b, guide 1, minus strand for Cas9 11 <223> Pair b, guide 2, plus strand for Cas9 12 <223> Pair c, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 13 <223> Pair c, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 14 <223> Pair d, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 15 <223> Pair d, guide 2, minus strand or Cpf1 16 <223> Pair e, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 17 <223> Pair e, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 18 <223> Pair f, guide 1, plus strand for Cas9 19 <223> Pair f, guide 2, minus strand for Cas9 20 <223> Pair g, guide 1, plus strand for Cas9 21 <223> Pair g, guide 2, minus strand for Cas9 22 <223> Pair h, guide 1, minus strand for Cas9 23 <223> Pair h, guide 2, plus strand for Cas9 24 <223> Pair i, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 (D239) 25 <223> Pair i, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 (D239) 26 <223> Pair j, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 (D240) 27 <223> Pair j, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 (D240) 28 <223> Pair k, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 (D241) 29 <223> Pair k, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 (D241) 30 <223> Pair l, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 (D216) 31 <223> Pair l, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 (D216) 32 <223> Pair 1, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 33 <223> Pair 1, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 34 <223> Pair 2, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 35 <223> Pair 2, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 36 <223> Pair 3, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 37 <223> Pair 3, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 38 <223> Pair 4, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 39 <223> Pair 4, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 40 <223> Pair 5, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 41 <223> Pair 5, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 42 <223> Pair 6, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 43 <223> Pair 6, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 44 <223> Pair 7, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 45 <223> Pair 7, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 46 <223> Pair 8, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 47 <223> Pair 8, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 48 <223> Pair 9, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 49 <223> Pair 9, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 50 <223> Pair 10, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 51 <223> Pair 10, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 52 <223> Pair 11, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 53 <223> Pair 11, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 54 <223> Pair 12, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 55 <223> Pair 12, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 56 <223> Pair 13, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 57 <223> Pair 13, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 58 <223> Pair 14, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 59 <223> Pair 14, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 60 <223> Pair 15, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 61 <223> Pair 15, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 62 <223> Pair 16, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 63 <223> Pair 16, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 64 <223> Pair 17, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 65 <223> Pair 17, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 66 <223> Pair 18, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 67 <223> Pair 18, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 68 <223> Pair 19, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 69 <223> Pair 19, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 70 <223> Pair 20, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 71 <223> Pair 20, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 72 <223> Pair 21, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 73 <223> Pair 21, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 74 <223> Pair 22, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 75 <223> Pair 22, guide 2, minus strand for Cpf1 76 <223> Pair 23, guide 1, minus strand for Cpf1 77 <223> Pair 23, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 78 <223> Pair 24, guide 1, plus strand for Cpf1 79 <223> Pair 24, guide 2, plus strand for Cpf1 80 <223> Non-targeting control guide 1 for Cas 9 81 <223> Non-targeting control guide 2 for Cas 9 82 <223> Non-targeting control guide 1 for Cpf1 83 <223> Non-targeting control guide 2 for Cpf1 84 <223> Guide 1, minus strand for two-guide deletion via Cpf1 85 <223> Guide 2, plus strand for two-guide deletion via Cpf1 86 <223> Set 1, Guide 1, minus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 87 <223> Set 1, Guide 2, plus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 88 <223> Set 1, Guide 3, minus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 89 <223> Set 1, Guide 4, plus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 90 <223> Set 2, Guide 1, minus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 91 <223> Set 2, Guide 2, minus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 92 <223> Set 2, Guide 3, minus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 93 <223> Set 2, Guide 4, plus strand for four- guide deletion via Cpf1 94 <223> Normalization primers, forward. 95 <223> Normalization primers, reverse. 96 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cas9 pair 1, forward. 97 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cas9 pair 1, reverse. 98 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cas9 pair 2, forward. 99 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cas9 pair 2, reverse. 100 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cpf1 pair 1, forward. 101 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cpf1 pair 1, reverse. 102 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cpf1 pair 2, forward. 103 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cpf1 pair 2, reverse. 104 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cpf1 pair 3, forward. 105 <223> 500 bp inner primers, Cpf1 pair 3, reverse. 106 <223> 5 kb inner primers, forward. 107 <223> 5 kb inner primers, reverse. 108 <223> Multi-guide inner primers, forward. 109 <223> Multi-guide inner primers, reverse. 110 <223> 5 kb outer primers, forward. 111 <223> 5 kb outer primers, reverse. 112 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cas9 pair 1, foward. 113 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cas9 pair 1, reverse. 114 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cas9 pair 2, foward. 115 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cas9 pair 2, reverse. 116 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cpf1 pair 1, forward. 117 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cpf1 pair 1, reverse. 118 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cpf1 pair 2, forward. 119 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cpf1 pair 2, reverse. 120 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cpf1 pair 3, forward. 121 <223> 500 bp outer primers, Cpf1 pair 3, reverse. 122 <223> Multi-guide outer primers, forward. 123 <223> Multi-guide outer primers, reverse. 124 <223> 5 kb outer primers for allelic cloning, forward. 125 <223> 5 kb outer primers for allelic cloning, reverse.

REFERENCES

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1. An in vitro method comprising: transducing a mammalian cell with one or more virus vectors, each vector comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 (Cas12a) protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell; and (ii) a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide, wherein each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, said array in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter; and culturing said transduced cells, wherein in the cultured cells, the Cpf1 (Cas12a) creates a deletion comprising the chromosome or genome between cleavage sites located downstream of each the PAM, thereby providing a plurality of transduced cell cultures, each cell culture comprising said deletion.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the viral vector is a retroviral vector.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the viral vector is a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated virus (AAV).
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said crRNA array comprises between two to ten said spacers.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein a direct repeat sequence separates each spacer in the crRNA array.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein at least one direct repeat is an engineered optimized repeat.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the optimized repeat comprises a nucleic acid sequence, TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT, SEQ ID NO:
 7. 8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the optimized repeat consists of a nucleic acid sequence, TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT, SEQ ID NO:
 7. 9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising prior to the transducing step generating a library of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide which hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian, and wherein each crRNA guide hybridizes to a protospacer that is unique as compared to that of any other crRNA in the library.
 10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising prior to the transducing step: generating a library of virus vectors, each vector comprising (i) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 (Cas12a) protein and a selectable marker in operative association with an RNA pol II promoter which controls expression thereof, in a mammalian cell; and (ii) a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array comprising at least two spacers, wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide, wherein each guide hybridizes to a unique sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, said array in operative association with an RNA pol III promoter.
 11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising harvesting genomic DNA from each cell culture to identify or quantify the deletion.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Cpf1 (Cas12a) cleavage sites for any two crRNA spacers are spaced apart in contiguous sequence of the genome or chromosome by about 100 bp to about 1 mb.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the deletion occurs in a non-coding sequence of said genome or chromosome.
 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the deletion occurs in a coding sequence of said genome or chromosome.
 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the culturing step occurs for between more than two and less than 30 days.
 16. The method according to claim 1, further comprising identifying or quantifying the effects of said deletion on the cell.
 17. The method according to claim 1, further comprising identifying or quantifying a phenotypic change of the transfected cell cultures.
 18. The method according to claim 1, further comprising identifying or quantifying response of the transfected cell cultures to a treatment.
 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the treatment comprises contact of the cultured cells to a chemical or biological agent or compound, or exposure to a physical treatment.
 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said treatment comprises contact of the cells with a chemical compound and the effect or change is demonstrated a change in response to the compound in the transduced cultured cells compared to the response exhibited by the cell culture without the deletion.
 21. A library of mammalian cell cultures, wherein each cell of the cell culture comprises at least one deletion in a contiguous DNA of a chromosome or the genome, and wherein the library is generated by the method of claim
 1. 22. The library according to claim 21, wherein the cell is a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell, a mammalian cell, an embryonic stem cell, or a cancer cell.
 23. A library of nucleic acid sequences, comprising at least two CRISPR RNA spacers (crRNAs), wherein each spacer encodes an RNA guide which hybridizes to a unique protospacer sequence located 3′ from a T-rich protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) in a contiguous region of the genome or a chromosome of a mammalian cell, wherein the crRNA guides are capable of complexing with Cpf1 (Cas12a) protein and providing targeting specificity and binding ability for nuclease activity of Cpf1, and wherein each of the spacers is adjacent to an optimized Direct Repeat at the 5′ end thereof.
 24. The library according to claim 23, wherein the optimized Direct Repeats comprise a nucleic acid sequence of TAATTTCTACTAAGTGTAGAT, SEQ ID NO:
 7. 25. The library according to claim 23, wherein the crRNA guide targets every Cpf1 (Cas12a)-specific protospacer in a contiguous region of genome or chromosome of a cell.
 26. The library according to claim 23, wherein the crRNA guide targets at least about 100, about 1000, about 10,000, about 100,000, about 1,000,000 or more sequences in a genome or chromosome of the cell.
 27. A library of vectors, wherein each vector comprises two or more spacers from the library according to claim
 23. 28. A library comprising Cpf1 (Cas12a)-guide vectors, wherein each of the Cpf1 (Cas12a)-guide vectors comprises: (a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cpf1 (Cas12a) protein and an optional selectable marker in operative association with regulatory sequences which controls expression thereof; and (b) two or more spacers from the library according to claim 23, wherein each of the spacers is adjacent to a direct Repeat at the 5′ end thereof.
 29. The library according to claim 28, wherein the library comprising at least 75% of the Cpf1 (Cas12a)-guide vectors. 